1- Pareto, the theoretical foundations of Pareto?
“The Fundamental Principles of Equilibrium in Sold Bodies”
Theoretical Foundations of Pareto:
Society
From Pareto’s point of view, society of the social is a equilibrium system. A system in which those forces try to disturb the system, to become balanced by those forces are on the side the system. In fact, on his view society is a system in which human factors are in a complicated and reciprocal relationship.
2- which concepts does Pareto use in his theory of Man?
Pareto For definition of human being uses two concepts: residues and derivations.
3-Could you define : residues and derivations?
Residues
Te sentiments most frequently present in the human consciousness
Derivations
The intellectual systems of justification with which individuals camouflage their passions or give an appearance of rationality to propositions or acts which have none (Aron.1990: 109).
4- what is classification of residues?, please explain?
Classification of residues:
1-Instinct for Combination (e.g., generic likeness assimilation)
غریزه تدابیر
2-Group persistences (e.g.,family relations)
بقاء مجموعه ها
3-Need of Expressing Sentiments by External Acts(e.g., ecstasies)
نیاز به ابراز احساهای عاطفی با افعال خارجی
4-Residues Connected with Sociality (e.g. conformity, pity, cruelty, self – sacrifice).
بازمانده های مربوط به جامعه پذیری
5- Integrity of the individual and his Appurtenances (e.g., equality, integrity).
یکپارچگی فرد و وابستگان او
6-The Sex Residue. These residues or social forces define social action and equilibrium
بازمانده های جنسی
5. What is classification of derivation? Please name or call?
Classification of derivations:
1. Assertion تصدیق
2. Authority استناد به دیگر افراد موجه یا استدلال مبنی اقتدار
3. A ccords with Sentiments of Principles
تصدیق بر موجود غیبی یا بر موجودیت های حقوقی مانند حق و عدالت
4. Verbal Proofs تصدیق با اتکاء بر براهین لفظی مانند سخنرانی و بکار بردن مفاهیم مبهم
5. Logical and nonLogical Action
6. The theory of circulation of elites
6. what is logical and non logical action? Please explain completely?
Logical and non Logical Action
In my view, there are two central points in the discussion about logical and nonlogical action. Ends and means and Subjectivity and Objectivity.
Logical action
Objectively خارج از ذهن Subjectively ذهناً
Yesآری Yes آری
According to Pareto logical actions are those that use means appropriate to ends and which logically link means and ends. This logical conjunction of means with ends must hold not only for the subject performing them, but(also)from the standpoint of other persons who have a more extensive knowledge. ”(Coser,1971: 388).
Nonlogical actions
Subjectively ذهناً Objectively خارج از ذهن
no no
yes no
no yes
yes yes
Nonlogical actions are those there are no logical relation between ends and means in objectively and subjectively .
The no-no category means that the action is not logical,that is the means are connected to the ends neither in reality nor in mind.
The second category, defined as no- yes: that is, non logical actions which have no objective goal but do have a subjective goal. In this category fall the majority of actions which can be called ritual or symbolic . The sailor who offers prayers to the Greek gods before putting out to sea….
The fourth category, the one defined as yes- yes, in which there does not exist a coincidence between the subjective and objective. Under this heading come all actions which are governed by scientific error (Aron,1990: 113-114).
7- what impact Pareto’educational has been on his views?
The five- year course in civil engineering, the first two years of which were devoted to mathematics, deeply influenced Pareto’s future intellectual outlook.
8- What is Pareto’s circulation of elites?
People aare unequal physically, as well as intelectually and morality. In society as whole, an din any its particular strata and groups, some people more gifted than other. Those who are most capable in any particular grouping are the elite. Governing elite (part of government) and non governing elite. Only in perfect socitey, with perfect social mobility woud elite position correlate fully with superior capasity. Only such condition would geverning elit.